Estrategias no farmacológicas para el manejo de los síntomas vasomotores en la menopausia

Los síntomas vasomotores afectan a gran número de mujeres en la peri y posmenopausia, impactando notablemente en la calidad de vida; por otro lado, su duración en el tiempo es incierta y muchas veces prolongada. Si bien la terapia hormonal de la menopausia (THM) constituye el tratamiento más efectivo para los síntomas climatéricos en su conjunto, en algunos casos existen contraindicaciones para su uso. Por lo tanto, ofrecer estrategias de tratamiento en las mujeres con contraindicación al tratamiento hormonal resulta mandatorio. Contamos con una amplia gama de opciones no hormonales, tanto farmacológicas como no farmacológicas. Dentro de estas últimas se incluyen las terapias alternativas o naturales (isoflavonas y cimicifuga racemosa), las modificaciones sobre el estilo de vida y las terapias complementarias. Las terapias alternativas presentaron resultados controvertidos en cuanto a la efectividad sobre los síntomas climatéricos y, por otro lado, debido a que su mecanismo de acción involucra a los receptores estrogénicos, están contraindicadas en las pacientes con antecedentes personales de cánceres hormonodependientes. Las modificaciones del estilo de vida impactan positivamente la salud general de la mujer, más allá de los síntomas climatéricos. En cuanto a las terapias complementarias, las únicas recomendadas son la terapia cognitiva conductual y la hipnosis. Se debe individualizar en cada caso la mejor opción terapéutica, teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes, interacciones medicamentosas, estado cognitivo, entre otros, ya que el objetivo final es mejorar la calidad de vida de nuestras pacientes.

Vasomotor symptoms affect a large number of women in the peri and post menopause with significant impact on quality of life; the duration of these symptoms is uncertain and often prolonged. Although menopausal hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for climacteric symptoms, there are some contraindications for its use. Therefore, it is mandatory to offer other treatment strategies for women with contraindication to hormonal treatment. We have a wide range of non-hormonal options available, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Among the latter, we include alternative or natural therapies (isoflavones and cimicifuga racemosa), lifestyle changes, and complementary therapies. Alternative therapies show controversial results regarding effectiveness on climacteric symptoms, and their mechanism of action involves estrogen receptors; they are contraindicated in patients with a personal history of hormone-dependent cancers. Lifestyle modifications have a positive impact on women's general health, beyond the climacteric symptoms. The only complementary therapies recommended are cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis. In each case, the best therapeutic option should be individualized, taking into account the patient's clinical history, drug interactions and cognitive status, since the ultimate goal is to improve quality of life.

Does Cimicifuga racemosa have the effects like estrogen on the sublingual gland in ovariectomized rats?

BACKGROUND: Cimicifuga racemosa is one of the herbs used for the treatment of climacteric syndrome, and it has been cited as an alternative therapy to estrogen. Apart from hectic fevers, dyspareunia and so on, dry mouth also increase significantly after menopause. It has not yet been reported whether C. racemosa has any impact on the sublingual gland, which may relate to dry mouth. In an attempt to determine this, we have compared the effects of estrogen and C. racemosa on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats. RESULTS: HE staining showed that the acinar cell area had contracted and that the intercellular spaces were broadened in the OVX (ovariectomized rats) group, while treatment with estradiol (E2) and iCR (isopropanolic extract of C. racemosa) improved these lesions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion in mucous and serous acinar epithelial cells and apoptotic cells was more commonly seen in the OVX group than in the SHAM (sham-operated rats) group. Mitochondria and plasma membrane infolding lesions in the striated ducts were also observed. These lesions were alleviated by both treatments. It is of note that, in the OVX + iCR group, the volume of mitochondria in the striated duct was larger than in other groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells was significantly increased in the acinar cells of the OVX group compared with the SHAM group (p < 0.05); and the MA (mean absorbance) of caspase-3 in the striated ducts also increased (p < 0.05). Estradiol decreased the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA of caspase-3 in striated ducts significantly (p < 0.05). ICR also reduced the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA in the striated ducts (p < 0.05), but the reduction of the MA in striated ducts was inferior to that of the OVX + E2 group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both estradiol and iCR can inhibit subcellular structural damage, and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 caused by ovariectomy, but their effects were not identical, suggesting that both drugs confer a protective effect on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats, but that the specific location and mechanism of action producing these effects were different.

Cimicifuga racemosa for treatment of menopausal symptoms in patients with early endometrial cancer after operation / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of black cohosh (cimicifuga racemaosa, Remifemin) for treatment of menopausal symptoms in patients with early endometrial cancer after operation. Methods Sixty patients with early endometrial cancer, who suffered menopausal symptoms after operation, were evenly divided into experimental group and control group. Patients in the experimental group took Remifemin tablet (20 mg) twice a day for 24 weeks. Patients in the control group took no drugs. All the patients were followed up for 12 months. The Kupperman menopause index (KMI), bone mineral density (BMD), cancer recurrence rate, death rate, and hepatic and renal functions were compared between the two groups. Results The KMI score of the experimental group was significantly decreased 24 weeks after treatment with Remifemin (9± 4 vs 26 ± 7, P0. 05). The BMD in the experimental group was significantly increased 24 h after treatment with Remifemin ([0. 891 ± 0. 21] g/cm2vs [0. 790 ± 0. 17] g/cm2, P0. 05). No adverse effects were observed in the experimental group. During 1-year follow-up, one patient died in the experimental group; one had recurrence and one died in the control group. Conclusion Black cohosh can improve the menopausal symptoms in patients with early endometrial cancer after operation, without increasing the risk of tumor recurrence.

A função hepática em mulheres menopausadas tratadas com extrato seco padronizado do rizoma e raízes de Cimicifuga racemosa L / The hepatic function in postmenopausal women treated with a standardized dry extract of the roots and rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa L

Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta hepática ao tratamento durante 12 meses com extrato seco padronizado de raízes e rizoma de Cimicifuga racemosa L. (Acteae racemosa L.) (CR) em mulheres menopausadas.Justificativa: O uso do CR é reconhecidamente seguro na literatura mundial, mas há referências de casos de hepatite em usuárias de CR.Método: Estudo duplo-cego, placebo-controlado, randomizado, prospectivo. Durante 12 meses consecutivos foram tratadas 64 mulheres menopausadas, divididas em dois grupos de 32, com 20mg de CR (Aplause®. Marjan) ou placebo, uma cápsula duas vezes ao dia, cada cápsula de CR contendo, no mínimo, 1mg de 27-deoxiacteína. A média etária cronológica do grupo CR foi 54,2 anos e a idade menopausal média 7,8 anos e do grupo placebo (P) 54 e 6,6 anos, respectivamente. O intervalo entre as consultas foi quatro meses, tendo sido realizadas as dosagens de transaminase glutâmico-oxalacética (TGO), transaminase glutâmico-pirúvica (TGP), gama-glutamil-transferase (GGT) e fosfatase alcalina (FAL) na consulta inicial e nas três consultas quadrimestrais do seguimento.Resultados: Não houve em ambos os grupos diferença estatística significativa entre os resultados de TGO (p=0,15), TGP (p=0,92), GGT (p=0, 92) e FAL (p=0,89) nas cinco consultas.Conclusão: O tratamento de 12 meses com CR não afetou a função hepática de uma população de mulheres menopausadas.

Effects of an Extract from Cimicifuga racemosa in Menopausal Women / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the effects of treatment with an extract from Cimicifuga racemosa for 1 year in postmenopausal women with symptoms. METHODS: In a randomised, open-label, group-comparative study, the change on the Kupperman menopausal index, serum FSH and E2 level, bone densitometry (BMD), and mammographic density by an extract from Cimicifuga racemosa (GYNO-Qx ) (N=40) were compared with an conjugated equine estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE/MPA) (N=36) during 12 months in menopausal women. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in the change of Kupperman index, serum FSH and E2 level, and mammographic density between two groups after 12 months, except the effect of BMD that the CEE/MPA group (+6.6%) was significantly increased as compared to the extract from Cimicifuga racemosa (+1.1%) baseline. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that an extract of Cimicifuga racemosa is a safe, effective alternative to estrogen replacement therapy for patients in whom hormone replacement therapy is either refused or contraindicated.